The body seen big because it’s body weight which still not descend is the most often heard from all newly bear mothers. It happened because fat heap increasing till one-third from your body weight before pregnancy. Various efforts even also tried to bring back the body like before pregnancy. Do you also have that experience? Don't worry. With correct steps, your body would seen looked into delicate and slender. Yes, although unlikely as perfect as first, at least, body weight can decrease and the fat don’t have a lot of dewlap. This is steps:
APPLY THE HEALTHY EAT PATTERN
In early, avoid on a tight diet for losing body weight . And surely if you give breast milk to your baby. Tight diet can have a bad effect to your breast feeding nutrition. It is better to apply eat well-balanced pattern such as such as those which during the time you have do. Make sure that your daily menu containing the fruit, vegetable, and protein such as of meat without fat, fish, or the chicken, and the low fat milk with the right portion. Multiply vegetable and fruit consumption everyday, and eat the meat just twice a week.
Parting the eating schedule to become some part so that you can eat a few but enough often, in order your baby remain to get square meal supply from mother milk which you give. Beside that, lessen food and beverage with a lot of sugar, which can make your weight increase.
GIVE EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING
Suckling lost 500 calorie per day. So that, with giving exclusive breast milk, your weight would immediately decrease without tight diet. A study have proved that all mother giving breast milk much more quickly decrease their body weight compared to all mother giving milk formula. So, give exclusive breast feeding to your baby if you want to be slender quickly.
DRINK A LOT OF MINERAL WATER
Drink a glass of mineral water eating. A lot of mineral water will help to lose your body weight.
DO YOUR HOUSEWORK
Doing domestic duties when your baby sleep and when you do not too tired also can assist to lose body weight. Following is the type of housework and also quality of calorie which can be burned if you do it:
a. Ironing 120 calorie
b. Go shopping domestic needs 175 calorie
c. Neatening the bed 135 calorie
d. Sweeping and moping 220 calorie
e. Fastening floor 400 calorie
f. Cleaning plates & glasses 120 calorie g.
g. Cleaning window pane 250 calorie
Translated from :
Anonym, 2008, Golden Mom, Jakarta: Wyeth
Saturday, February 14, 2009
Friday, February 13, 2009
7 BABY HEARING TROUBLE INSPECTIONS
Disparity or hearing trouble of the baby determined with a few inspections matching with its age
1. Otto Acoustic Emission
Inspection: in baby’s ear placed by an ear cave cork (probe) made from rubber substance which in it there are microphone and loudspeaker, what circuit with cable to recorder. It can be used since the baby is 2 days old.
Utilize: to know whether snail house (cochlea) function well.
2. Noise Maker
Inspection: with electronic appliance which can voice by the certain force and frequency.
Utilize: to perceive child reaction to given voice stimulus.
3. Behavioral Observation Audiometric (BOA)
Inspection: perception to behavioral response that have the character of reflex. The examples of response perceived are blinking eye, widening eye, wrinkling face, stop sucking milk, and its heartbeat mount. Inspection by this appliance assisted the audiometer functioning to measure hearing sill.
Utilize: to see reaction to sound stimulus.
4. Play Audiometric
Inspection: audiometer circuit with toys, for example: doll, which can make a move and release sound from audiometer.
Utilize: to see reaction to stimulus of sound as response to the toys.
5. Tympanometer
Utilize: to determine eardrum condition (for example if there are inertia) and also space of middle ear - at the opposite of eardrum- for example there are dilution in the column.
6. Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometric (BERA)
Inspection: In this time there are some BERA types with different frequency reach. For the child 3 years old or above conducted with light sedation in order to fallen asleep.
Utilize: to see hearing nerve and brainstem reaction system at the passed by the sound stimulus.
7. Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR)
Utilize: This appliance able to check 8 frequencies (4 frequencies at each ear) simultaneous to yield audiogram estimation (span frequency and voice intensity graph) which can be heard by child.
Translated from :
Anonym, 2008, Ayahbunda No. 10, Jakarta, PT. Young fellow Aspiration
1. Otto Acoustic Emission
Inspection: in baby’s ear placed by an ear cave cork (probe) made from rubber substance which in it there are microphone and loudspeaker, what circuit with cable to recorder. It can be used since the baby is 2 days old.
Utilize: to know whether snail house (cochlea) function well.
2. Noise Maker
Inspection: with electronic appliance which can voice by the certain force and frequency.
Utilize: to perceive child reaction to given voice stimulus.
3. Behavioral Observation Audiometric (BOA)
Inspection: perception to behavioral response that have the character of reflex. The examples of response perceived are blinking eye, widening eye, wrinkling face, stop sucking milk, and its heartbeat mount. Inspection by this appliance assisted the audiometer functioning to measure hearing sill.
Utilize: to see reaction to sound stimulus.
4. Play Audiometric
Inspection: audiometer circuit with toys, for example: doll, which can make a move and release sound from audiometer.
Utilize: to see reaction to stimulus of sound as response to the toys.
5. Tympanometer
Utilize: to determine eardrum condition (for example if there are inertia) and also space of middle ear - at the opposite of eardrum- for example there are dilution in the column.
6. Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometric (BERA)
Inspection: In this time there are some BERA types with different frequency reach. For the child 3 years old or above conducted with light sedation in order to fallen asleep.
Utilize: to see hearing nerve and brainstem reaction system at the passed by the sound stimulus.
7. Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR)
Utilize: This appliance able to check 8 frequencies (4 frequencies at each ear) simultaneous to yield audiogram estimation (span frequency and voice intensity graph) which can be heard by child.
Translated from :
Anonym, 2008, Ayahbunda No. 10, Jakarta, PT. Young fellow Aspiration
BABY FIRST FOOD: “BREAST MILK”
Make breast milk as especial and main baby food. Even breast milk very suggested to be passed to baby of age 0-6 months. Only breast milk. Not other food yet. Then can all mothers give breast milk? Sure! Generally after bearing, mothers indirect give breast milk. They have many reasons. Start from breast milk not gone out yet, the baby do not want to drink, until there is confessing that they only have a little breast milk. All of that reasons can’t become the barrier to suckle the baby. Because it is true that breast milk is the main food for your baby. It is true that suckling is not an easy matter. A lot of factor can influence the successfulness of a baby suckle for the first time. But most mother is panic, if the baby don’t want suckle the milk yet or can’t suckle the milk yet. Though since in mothers’ obstetrical, the baby have owned reserve of food which can make the baby defense till 12 hours after its birth.
BREAST MILK STIMULUS SUCK ENERGY
The successfulness of suckle can be happened so long as baby and mother in a healthy condition. So the baby born, drying baby as soon as possible and lay down with chest down ward on mother’s chest or stomach. Let baby adapt its environmental first. It is true that the effort of the baby don’t dive direct succeed. It needs time. Wait about 20-30 minutes. Baby by itself will make a move like crawling to mother’s bosom. Try to pay attention, oftentimes the baby of would licking mother’s skin and also mother’s areola. And also there is the movement to jolt head in area of mother bosom. Don't surprise, that one of baby’s way to squeeze mother’s bosom, to get its first food, breast milk. Newly after the baby is ready for drinking, during 40-60 minutes or more, by itself it will suck to its mother. We can’t hope breast milk will be direct of produce. What important there is excitement suck from baby to mother bosom. This case triggers process of forming the breast milk become quicker.
LEST BABY CONFUSE ABOUT THE NIPPLE
If really not yet succeeded, don't be direct give milk of formula as the solution. Keep trying, so that the baby don’t confuse about the nipple. Where about the baby more like to drink from dot and don’t want at direct suck from mother bosom, because it need effort and energy of the baby. And all mothers needn't surprise if breast milk of mother initially a few, because this matter relate to hormonal mother condition. One or two days after bearing, estrogen and progesterone hormone of mother still are high. Second or Third day, both of that hormones have decreased, while prolactine hormone start to mount. The prolactine hormone needed to help suckling process, besides hormone ocsytocyne. If early initiation done, excitement of baby sucking at mother’s bosom will trigger expenditure process of ocsytocyn and prolactine hormone take place better.
HUNGRY? GIVE BREAST MILK
Gift of breast milk in fact needn't be scheduled. When the baby is hungry, just give breast milk. So, give breast milk often the baby will. There is no schedule which become directive. But generally, baby will feel hungry every 2-3 clock. Distinguish of enough breast milk baby, after suckling generally it is fallen asleep (well-sleep) and urinate fluent.
Translated from:
Febria Silaen, 2008, Mom & Kiddie Ed. 2 th. III Jakarta : PT. Global MNI
BREAST MILK STIMULUS SUCK ENERGY
The successfulness of suckle can be happened so long as baby and mother in a healthy condition. So the baby born, drying baby as soon as possible and lay down with chest down ward on mother’s chest or stomach. Let baby adapt its environmental first. It is true that the effort of the baby don’t dive direct succeed. It needs time. Wait about 20-30 minutes. Baby by itself will make a move like crawling to mother’s bosom. Try to pay attention, oftentimes the baby of would licking mother’s skin and also mother’s areola. And also there is the movement to jolt head in area of mother bosom. Don't surprise, that one of baby’s way to squeeze mother’s bosom, to get its first food, breast milk. Newly after the baby is ready for drinking, during 40-60 minutes or more, by itself it will suck to its mother. We can’t hope breast milk will be direct of produce. What important there is excitement suck from baby to mother bosom. This case triggers process of forming the breast milk become quicker.
LEST BABY CONFUSE ABOUT THE NIPPLE
If really not yet succeeded, don't be direct give milk of formula as the solution. Keep trying, so that the baby don’t confuse about the nipple. Where about the baby more like to drink from dot and don’t want at direct suck from mother bosom, because it need effort and energy of the baby. And all mothers needn't surprise if breast milk of mother initially a few, because this matter relate to hormonal mother condition. One or two days after bearing, estrogen and progesterone hormone of mother still are high. Second or Third day, both of that hormones have decreased, while prolactine hormone start to mount. The prolactine hormone needed to help suckling process, besides hormone ocsytocyne. If early initiation done, excitement of baby sucking at mother’s bosom will trigger expenditure process of ocsytocyn and prolactine hormone take place better.
HUNGRY? GIVE BREAST MILK
Gift of breast milk in fact needn't be scheduled. When the baby is hungry, just give breast milk. So, give breast milk often the baby will. There is no schedule which become directive. But generally, baby will feel hungry every 2-3 clock. Distinguish of enough breast milk baby, after suckling generally it is fallen asleep (well-sleep) and urinate fluent.
Translated from:
Febria Silaen, 2008, Mom & Kiddie Ed. 2 th. III Jakarta : PT. Global MNI
Higher DHA Levels Improve Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Premature Girls
COLUMBIA, Md., Jan. 26 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Tripling the level of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in the early diet of some of the smallest infants born prematurely improved the neurodevelopment outcome of girls, according to a study published in the January 14, 2009 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). DHA is an important nutrient for brain, eye and overall infant development that is normally found in mother's milk and, in recent years, in infant formulas. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, "Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants Fed High-Dose Docosahexaenoic Acid," compared the effects of a high concentration DHA diet with a standard DHA diet in premature infants born earlier than 33 weeks. Mothers participating in the study were encouraged to provide breast milk for their premature infants. An infant formula was available for mothers who could not provide breast milk or when additional nutrition was required. The mothers of infants receiving breast milk were given either DHA supplements (900 mg per day) to increase the DHA levels of their milk or a matching placebo. The breast milk DHA level in the placebo treated mothers was approximately 0.25% (of total fatty acids) while that of the DHA treated mothers was approximately 0.85% (of total fatty acids). Infants receiving formula were given either high concentration DHA infant formula (DHA= approximately 1.1% of total fatty acids) or standard DHA preterm formula (DHA = approximately 0.42% of total fatty acids). Both infant formulas also contained the omega-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA), another fatty acid important for infant development. Enhanced or standard DHA supplementation was utilized until the expected full term delivery date (approximately nine weeks after birth). Infants received either breast milk exclusively, or a combination of breast milk and formula, or formula alone during this period. The DHA and AA (also referred to as ARA) included in the infant formula were manufactured by Martek Biosciences Corp. The supplement given to the breast feeding mothers was not provided by Martek. Martek was not involved in the design, management or evaluation of the study. At 18 months of age, the 657 infant subjects were evaluated using standard development tests. A preplanned analysis by gender found that premature girls on the high DHA diet achieved a mean score approximately five points higher on the mental development test than the girls receiving the standard DHA diet, resulting in approximately a 55 % reduction in mild mental delay and approximately an 80% reduction in significant mental delay, which were statistically significant improvements versus the control group. However, the same benefit was not found in the male infants, resulting in no statistically significant differences overall between all infants on high-dose DHA versus the control group. The reason for the gender difference is unclear. The authors theorize that male infants may need a higher level of DHA than female infants in order to see benefit. "Infants born prematurely do not have time to accumulate DHA to the same level as their full-term counterparts and this research indicates the requirements of DHA may be even higher for pre-term infants than previously thought," said Dr. Maria Makrides, the study's lead researcher and Deputy Director of the Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Adelaide, and professor of human nutrition, University of Adleaide in Australia. "We think the level of DHA used in this study should become the new 'gold standard' for preterm infants, whether it is supplied through breast milk or infant formula." According to the study authors, the improvement in the developmental scores of the female infants may "...point the way for higher-dose interventions in future studies. Given the lack of an alternative therapy for cognitive delay in this group of infants and the apparent safety of the current dose of DHA, further studies are warranted." "We are pleased to see research like this because it illustrates an important shift in the scientific dialogue about DHA," said Martek's Chief Scientific Officer, Norman Salem, Jr., PhD. "We are no longer debating whether DHA is beneficial to infants, but rather how much DHA is optimal. And, as this research indicates, it appears that enhancing DHA levels above the current standard in both breast milk and infant formula may be better, especially in the vulnerable preemie population." Naturally present in human breast milk, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and ARA (arachidonic acid) are fatty acids important to infant development and growth. Clinical studies have demonstrated numerous benefits for infants receiving DHA and ARA supplemented formula, including improved mental and visual development. Martek's blend of DHA and ARA, life'sDHA(TM) & life'sARA(TM), is the only source of these nutrients currently used in U.S. infant formula, and is present in more than 99 percent of infant formula sold in the U.S. Additionally, Martek is a leading global supplier of DHA and ARA and infant formulas containing Martek's nutritional oils are available in more than 75 countries worldwide. Martek's DHA can also be found in a wide variety of prescription and over-the counter prenatal supplements around the world. Women of childbearing age who consume a typical Western diet are at risk for low stores of DHA. For example, pregnant and breastfeeding women in North America consume, on average, just 60-80 mg of DHA per day, far less than the 300 mg recommended by an expert body. DHA supplementation has been demonstrated to increase DHA levels in breast milk and thereby increase DHA levels in breastfed babies.
Thursday, February 12, 2009
MONGOLIAN SPOT
A Mongolian Spot, Mongolian Fleck or Mongolian Blue Spot is a blue, bluish-gray, bluish-green or blue-black flat skin markings that appear at birth or shortly thereafter during the infantile age. The edges are usually indistinct and the shapes are irregular. The sizes and the numbers are various.(4)
Mongolian Spots appear commonly at the base of the spine, on the buttocks and back and also can appear on the shoulders. Mongolian spots are benign and are not associated with any conditions or illnesses. Mongolian Spots present at birth and occur in more than 90% of children of Mongoloid race (e.g. East Asians, Polynesians, Indonesians, Micronesians). Mongolian Spots occur less frequently in other races. Mongolian spots are benign lesions that require no treatment. Usually they spontaneously disappear by the time the child reaches 4 years old. Persistent Mongolian spots may be larger and persist for many years.(3) It is important to recognize that Mongolian spots are birthmarks, NOT bruises. (4)
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Mongolian blue spot, child fleck, sacral fleck, newborn blue fleck, newborn sacral blue fleck, Semitic mark, Semitic stain, congenital dermal melanocytosis, dermal melanocytosis Mongolische Flecken (G), tache mongolique (F), mancha mongolica (S), Moukohan (J). (4)
PHYSICAL
Mongolian spots consist of blue-gray macular pigmentation. The distinctive skin discoloration is due to the deep placement of the pigment in the dermis, which imparts a bluish tone to the skin from the Tyndall effect of scattered light.
Typically, it is a few centimeters in diameter, although much larger lesions also can occur. Lesions may be solitary or numerous.
Most commonly, it involves the lumbosacral area, but the buttocks, flanks, and shoulders may be affected in extensive lesions.
Generalized Mongolian spots involving large areas covering the entire posterior or anterior trunk and the extremities have been reported.
Several variants exist, as follows:
Persistent Mongolian spots are larger, have sharper margins, and persist for many years.
Aberrant Mongolian spots involve unusual sites such as the face or extremities.
Persistent aberrant Mongolian spots also are referred to as macular-type blue nevi.
Mongolian spots have been associated with cleft lip, spinal meningeal tumor, melanoma, and phakomatosis pigmentovascularis types 2 and 5. A few cases of extensive Mongolian spots have been reported with inborn errors of metabolism, the most common being Hurler syndrome, followed by gangliosidosis type 1, Niemann-Pick disease, Hunter syndrome, and mannosidosis. In such cases, they are likely to persist rather than resolve.(2)
DISTRIBUTION
Mongolian Spots appear commonly at the base of the spine, on the buttocks and back and also can appear on the shoulders. Mongolian spots are benign and are not associated with any conditions or illnesses. Mongolian Spots present at birth and occur in more than 90% of children of Mongoloid race (e.g. East Asians, Polynesians, Indonesians, Micronesians). Mongolian Spots occur less frequently in other races. Mongolian spots are benign lesions that require no treatment. Usually they spontaneously disappear by the time the child reaches 4 years old. Persistent Mongolian spots may be larger and persist for many years.(3) It is important to recognize that Mongolian spots are birthmarks, NOT bruises. (4)
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Mongolian blue spot, child fleck, sacral fleck, newborn blue fleck, newborn sacral blue fleck, Semitic mark, Semitic stain, congenital dermal melanocytosis, dermal melanocytosis Mongolische Flecken (G), tache mongolique (F), mancha mongolica (S), Moukohan (J). (4)
PHYSICAL
Mongolian spots consist of blue-gray macular pigmentation. The distinctive skin discoloration is due to the deep placement of the pigment in the dermis, which imparts a bluish tone to the skin from the Tyndall effect of scattered light.
Typically, it is a few centimeters in diameter, although much larger lesions also can occur. Lesions may be solitary or numerous.
Most commonly, it involves the lumbosacral area, but the buttocks, flanks, and shoulders may be affected in extensive lesions.
Generalized Mongolian spots involving large areas covering the entire posterior or anterior trunk and the extremities have been reported.
Several variants exist, as follows:
Persistent Mongolian spots are larger, have sharper margins, and persist for many years.
Aberrant Mongolian spots involve unusual sites such as the face or extremities.
Persistent aberrant Mongolian spots also are referred to as macular-type blue nevi.
Mongolian spots have been associated with cleft lip, spinal meningeal tumor, melanoma, and phakomatosis pigmentovascularis types 2 and 5. A few cases of extensive Mongolian spots have been reported with inborn errors of metabolism, the most common being Hurler syndrome, followed by gangliosidosis type 1, Niemann-Pick disease, Hunter syndrome, and mannosidosis. In such cases, they are likely to persist rather than resolve.(2)
DISTRIBUTION
Mongolian spots are mostly located at the base of the spine, on the lower back and buttocks. Mongolian Spots can also appear on the shoulders, upper back, arms, wrists, legs, ankles, lateral abdomen and elsewhere. Palms, soles, face and head are usually spared. (4)
RACE
Mongolian blue spots are common among darker skinned races, such as Asian, East Indian, and African. They are flat, pigmented lesions with nebulous borders and irregular shape.(2)
MORTALITY/MORBIDITY
Mongolian spot is not associated with mortality or morbidity.(2)
SEX
No sex predilection is reported.(2)
AGE
Mongolian spot is usually present at birth, but it can also appear within the first weeks of the neonatal period.(2)
VARIANTS
RACE
Mongolian blue spots are common among darker skinned races, such as Asian, East Indian, and African. They are flat, pigmented lesions with nebulous borders and irregular shape.(2)
MORTALITY/MORBIDITY
Mongolian spot is not associated with mortality or morbidity.(2)
SEX
No sex predilection is reported.(2)
AGE
Mongolian spot is usually present at birth, but it can also appear within the first weeks of the neonatal period.(2)
VARIANTS
1) Persistent Mongolian spots are larger and have sharper borders. They may persist for many years.
2) Deep blue Mongolian spots are deeper colored and have sharper borders. They may persist as long as persistent Mongolian spots.
3) Ectopic Mongolian spots or aberrant Mongolian spots involve unusual areas such as the face or extremities.(4)
INCIDENS
INCIDENS
The prevalence of Mongolian spots varies among different ethnic groups according to the overall depth of pigmentation. Mongolian spots are common among Asian, East Indian, and African races, but rare among Caucasian and other races. Reported incidences in representative ethnic infants are as follows: Asian: 95-100%, East African: 90-95%, Native American: 85-90%, Hispanic: 50-70%, Caucasian: 1-10%.(4)
CAUSESMongolian spots are caused by entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis during their migration from the neural crest into the epidermis in fetal development. Microscopically dermal melanocytoses are seen in all newborn babies irrespective of race. Differences in the number of dermal melanocytes may cause the racial variation.(4)
Mongolian spots are thought to be due to entrapment of melanocytes (pigment cells) in the dermis that have failed to reach their proper location in the epidermis in the developing embryo.(3)
PROGNOSIS
The bluish discolorations usually fade after a few years and almost disappear between age 7 to 13 years. Therefore, no treatment is required in most cases.(4)
DIFFERENTIALSBlue nevi, nevi of Ota, and bruises should be differentiated.Occasionally, Mongolian spots are mistaken for bruises caused by child abuse. Careful observation by a specialist will easily allow differentiation.(4)
SIGNS AND TESTS
No tests is needed. Your doctor can diagnose this condition by looking at the skin.(1)
TREATMENT
No treatment is necessary or recommended. (1)
CAUSESMongolian spots are caused by entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis during their migration from the neural crest into the epidermis in fetal development. Microscopically dermal melanocytoses are seen in all newborn babies irrespective of race. Differences in the number of dermal melanocytes may cause the racial variation.(4)
Mongolian spots are thought to be due to entrapment of melanocytes (pigment cells) in the dermis that have failed to reach their proper location in the epidermis in the developing embryo.(3)
PROGNOSIS
The bluish discolorations usually fade after a few years and almost disappear between age 7 to 13 years. Therefore, no treatment is required in most cases.(4)
DIFFERENTIALSBlue nevi, nevi of Ota, and bruises should be differentiated.Occasionally, Mongolian spots are mistaken for bruises caused by child abuse. Careful observation by a specialist will easily allow differentiation.(4)
SIGNS AND TESTS
No tests is needed. Your doctor can diagnose this condition by looking at the skin.(1)
TREATMENT
No treatment is necessary or recommended. (1)
COMPLICATIONS
There are no complications. (1)
PHOTO
Mongolian spot visible on three-month-old Indonesian baby girl
REFERENCES
1. Mongolian Spot DrGreene.com
2. Mongolian Spot emedicine.medscape.com
3. Mongolian Blue Spots health-cares.net
4. Mongolian Spot Tokyo-med.ac.jp
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